{"id":1012083,"date":"2026-02-26T13:34:31","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T12:34:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.obsnev.es\/?post_type=protocolos&#038;p=1012083"},"modified":"2026-02-27T12:13:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T11:13:42","slug":"estaciones-de-seguimiento-de-nieve-in-situ","status":"publish","type":"protocolos","link":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/protocolos\/estaciones-de-seguimiento-de-nieve-in-situ\/","title":{"rendered":"In situ snow-monitoring stations"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1012083\" class=\"elementor elementor-1012083\" data-elementor-post-type=\"protocolos\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63787e3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63787e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4db42ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4db42ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"panel-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"fila_ficha panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Aims<\/h3><div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\"><p>The aim is to gather detailed information on the structure of the snow cover in specific plots.  Different methodologies are applied in the same basin to compile detailed information to be used to calibrate and validate the hydrological model WiMMed (see \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/modelo-hidrologico-de-sierra-nevada\/\">Creation of a hydrological model for Sierra Nevada: snow and water flows<\/a>\u201d).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2fa565 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2fa565\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-1_ES.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-4616\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-1_ES.png 992w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-1_ES-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-1_ES-768x444.png 768w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-1_ES-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f591f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f591f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"panel-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"fila_ficha panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><div id=\"panel-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"fila_ficha panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-2\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Method and effort<\/h3><div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\"><p>Three specific meteorological stations were installed to monitor the snow in a pilot basin in Sierra Nevada.<\/p><ul><li>Two of these, located at 2,900 and 2,300 m a.s.l., respectively are multiparametric stations with the particularity of measuring the thickness of the snow layer, its temperature, and the solar radiation. Furthermore, they gather also typical meteorological data (temperature, wind velocity, precipitation, etc.)<\/li><li>A third station, situated at 2,600 m a.s.l. with a view of the entire upper part of the study basin, allows automatic photographs to be taken of the snow distribution. Six photos were taken daily to ensure its quality.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In a parallel way, over the transects (500-4,000 m), depth probes are made, density samples are taken, and the snow wells are examined<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>The distance between sampling points is 200 m; each sampling point includes 5 replicates in a cross pattern, one m apart, to homogenize the values.<\/li><li>The snow-density samples were made at fixed points, searching for significant changes in the type of snow.<\/li><li>In the snow wells information is collected to characterize: density, thickness, hardness, temperatures, microstructure (crystals), macrostructure (layers identifiable to the naked eye) and depth.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>All the data gathered were georeferenced.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07a90e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07a90e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-2_ES.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-4615\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-2_ES.png 992w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-2_ES-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-2_ES-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Figura_3_3-2_ES-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f416af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f416af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"panel-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"fila_ficha panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><div id=\"panel-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"fila_ficha panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-gb4326-69a033732152e-0-0-2\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><div id=\"panel-gb4581-69a0338952d0b-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><div id=\"panel-gb4612-69a03d3f3a55d-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Periodicity<\/h3><div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\"><p>The multiparametric stations collect data daily and, due to their remote location, are checked monthly.  During the winter period, at least 4 days of samples are taken monthly for snow depth and density, in addition to digging one snow well.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-gb4612-69a03d3f3a55d-0-0-3\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"3\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Results<\/h3><div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\"><p>Download PDF:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/33_Estaciones_Nieve_inSitu_RESULTADOS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/33_Estaciones_Nieve_inSitu_RESULTS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-gb4612-69a03d3f3a55d-0-0-4\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"4\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">References<\/h3><div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\"><p>Corripio, J. G., Durand, Y., Guyomarch, G., M\u00e9rindol, L., Lecorps, D. y Pugli\u00e9se, P. 2004, Land-based remote sensing of snow for the validation of a snow transport model. Cold Regi. Sci. Tech., 39 (2-3): 93\u2013104.<br \/>Corripio, J. G. 2004. Snow surface albedo estimation using terrestrial photography. Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(24): 5705\u20135729.<br \/>Durand, Y., Guyomarch, G., M\u00e9rindol, L. y Corripio, J. G. 2005. Improvement of a numerical snow drift model and field validation. Cold Regi. Sci. Tech., 43 (1-2): 93\u2013103.<br \/>Fierz, C., Armstrong, R.L., Durand, Y., Etchevers, P., Greene, E., McClung, D.M., Nishimura, K., Satyawali, P.K. y Sokratov, S.A. 2009. The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology N\u00ba 83 IASC Contribution N\u00ba1, UNESCO-IHP, Paris, 80 p.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":4616,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"ambito-tematico":[],"class_list":["post-1012083","protocolos","type-protocolos","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/protocolos\/1012083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/protocolos"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/protocolos"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/protocolos\/1012083\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1012100,"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/protocolos\/1012083\/revisions\/1012100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1012083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"ambito-tematico","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obsnev.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ambito-tematico?post=1012083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}